Essay Microsoft Monopoly - 904 Words

Microsoft Monopoly This paper will show my opinion of Microsoft being branded a monopoly. I feel this example shows supply and demand in addition to monopolistic competition. This entire ordeal is over a free browser that Microsoft includes with windows for free and gives out on the internet for free just as Netscape and most other browser companies do. The government feels that Microsoft is creating a demand purely for their products by forcing its browser on suppliers and controlling prices. I have yet to see where Microsoft is charging extraordinary prices for any of these free programs nor do I see how Netscape, in using the governments definition, a monopoly itself, is being forced out of business by Microsofts free†¦show more content†¦Other reasons easily explain how Microsoft came about to its size and how new companies constantly spring up in the computer industry. Computer software is a very volatile industry. To succeed in this industry all you basically need is a good program and a way to offer it for sale. All they have to do is make a program and copy it on a disk. Since making an extra disk containing the program costs all of 2 cents, it is more costly for the software company to print the box and manuals, than it is to make one extra disk. But it does cost Microsoft to develop a new program. No matter how cheap a disk is, capital investment such as salaries, factories, storage, and programmers always exist. Even though development costs are sunk and additional production costs are nonexistent, other costs are incurred. Besides, supply and demand determines where a price will fall. Another thing about the computer market is its ever-changing program market. For all we know, anyone literate in programming may develop a better program than Windows. If consumers like it, we may soon find another browser monopolist. For reasons similar to this, computer industry leaders have vastly changed in just a few years. At times Apple, IBM, Intel, Net scape, ATT and even Commodore, have or had large, sometimes monopolist-like markets. Characteristics of monopolies that cause trouble are (1) restriction of output, (2) higher prices along with thisShow MoreRelatedIs Microsoft a Monopoly?1167 Words   |  5 PagesMicrosoft Monopoly Corporation Samantha F. Grinvalds DeVry University The Microsoft Corporation has lead people believe that they were attempting to gain monopoly power in the computer operating systems market. A monopoly market structure consists of having one firm that has control of the resources and market by selling a unique good that has no available substitutes, in which; make it very difficult for others to enter into this market. In America, we enjoy a free market rather thanRead MoreIs Microsoft a Monopoly Essay2147 Words   |  9 PagesIs Microsoft a monopoly or not? In order to understand if Microsoft is a monopoly one must first know the definition of a monopoly. A monopoly is a firm that is the sole seller of a product that has little or no substitutes. This automatically should arouse many thoughts in the minds of â€Å"us† as consumers. For all these years have we been monopolized by a producer of a product just because there were limited sources in the same fields? Yes and no should be the floating answer. Microsoft for yearsRead MoreMicrosoft: on Anti-Trust and Monopolies1278 Words   |  6 PagesMicrosoft: On anti-trust and monopolies (or How A Linux User Can Court Ostracism) Introduction In 1890, the US Congress passed the Sherman Act. Further, the Clayton Act was enacted in 1912. This was followed by the Robinson-Patman Act of 1936. These antitrust laws prohibit agreements in restraint of trade, monopolization and attempted monopolization, anticompetitive mergers and tie-in schemes, and, in some circumstances, price discrimination in the sale of commodities. Thus, the goals ofRead More The Microsoft Monopoly Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Microsoft Monopoly I. Introduction United States vs. Microsoft is one the largest, most controversial antitrust lawsuits in American history. Many claim the government is wrongly punishing Microsoft for being innovative and successful, arguing that Windows dominates the market because of the product’s popularity, not because of malpractice by the parent company. Others argue in favor of the government, claiming that Microsoft’s practices conflict with the free market ideal. There areRead More The Microsoft Monopoly Issue Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesThe Microsoft Monopoly Issue The best position on the Microsoft monopoly problem is one best for the general public, those who are and will be using Intel-PC products. This position is in opposition to Microsoft and to support the State and the public. This will consequently give the public better choice, thereby keeping the price of the product down and benefiting the general public. To understand why this position is the best choice two simple questions must be answered. The first is,Read More Microsoft: Thank Goodness it is a Monopoly Essay639 Words   |  3 PagesMicrosoft: Thank Goodness it is a Monopoly Many people, with the government are trying to label Microsoft as a monopoly. Why is there any delay going around doing that? There is no reason to brand Microsoft as a monopoly. There is part of monopolistic competition and supply-demand acting on this case. The whole trial is about the free internet browser, Internet Explorer, that Microsoft gives out free and includes with its Operating system, Windows. Netscape does the same marketing ofRead MoreCase Study Economics- Microsoft and Monopoly808 Words   |  4 PagesMicrosoft and Monopoly Case Study of Strategies used by Microsoft to leverage its monopoly position in operating systems in Internet Browser market Introduction: Microsoft has monopoly in PC operating systems, Windows operating systems which are used` in more than 80% of Intel based PC’s. This market has high technological barriers. Threat to Microsoft is not from new operating systems but from alternate products such as browsers, which are new softwares that can be used with multiple operatingRead MoreMicrosoft and How Its a Monopoly Essay1686 Words   |  7 PagesMicrosoft and How Its a Monopoly Since 1990, a battle has raged in United States courts between the United States government and the Microsoft Corporation out of Redmond, Washington, headed by Bill Gates. What is at stake is money. The federal government maintains that Microsoft’s monopolistic practices are harmful to United States citizens, creating higher price and potentially downgrading software quality, and should therefore be stopped. While Microsoft and its supporter’sRead MoreEssay From Railroads to Microsoft: Monopolies in America962 Words   |  4 PagesBy definition a Monopoly is exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices (Monopoly 2012). Individuals are often time fearful of a company or industry becoming a monopoly because it would control too much of a market share, and do whatever wants; this includes raising prices, to using excess capital to branch into even more areas (Rise of monopolies 1996). The market structure of a monopoly is characterized by; a singleRead MoreMicrosoft: An Examination of Monopolies1023 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Microsoft: An Examination of Monopolies Introduction This paper examines the nature of monopolies and the anti-trust policies developed by the government to discourage them. It specifically considers Microsoft and the case brought against it by the Federal government to prevent its becoming a software monopoly. In many cases, the government is justified in pursuing such anti-monopoly policies to protect competition and by extension the consumer. There are some instances, however, when allowing

Trojan Ad Free Essays

Magazine advertisements spend millions of dollars each year in order to develop ideas to convey their message or to sell their products in today’s society. The many different views and values in society lead to various marketing ideas that capture the attention of many individuals, otherwise known as, the consumers. It is important to remember that the diverse preferences of the audience are taken into consideration when devising a marketing plan that would appeal to a wide range of people. We will write a custom essay sample on Trojan Ad or any similar topic only for you Order Now Trojan, a company that focuses on the sale of contraceptives, spends millions of dollars each year to sell their products. In their most current advertising campaign, Trojan is trying to sell their newest brand of condom, Evolve. For this particular campaign, the marketing individuals promoting this product decided to show the differences between men and pigs by implying that men who use Trojan are considered to be true gentlemen while men who do not are regarded as pigs. While it seems that Trojan is suggesting the message of cleanliness by the usage of their condom, nonetheless, they themselves are not â€Å"clean† because of the message that they are conveying. The message behind the Evolve advertisement is to show the perceptions of men when they use or do not use Trojan brand condoms. The message behind this advertisement is to show that if a male uses their brand name condoms, he is considered as a â€Å"clean† and respectable individual, unlike a pig, which is usually associated with â€Å"dirtiness†. The different characters in this campaign reveal the hidden meaning that the use of Trojan brand condoms would not damage or ruin a man’s reputation of being â€Å"honorable†. The setting of the advertisement is placed at a beach, with a rather warm weather; therefore attracting people to its warmness. The attendance of the beach consists of six females, one male, and ten pigs. The females, who are all wearing revealing bathing suits, are each being prowled by pigs. In the foreground, a female is sitting on a folding chair reading a book entitled, No Time for Swine, whilst on her right side there is a naked pig which seems to be whispering something into her right ear. Also in the foreground, there is a female trying to get a natural tan by lying on a towel on the sand, as a naked pig is taking a photograph of her with his cellular phone. Behind her is another female who is preparing to serve a volleyball, and at the same time being watched by two naked pigs. On the left middle ground of the advertisement is another female and a naked pig squirting sunscreen onto her back. In the background, a naked pig is pursuing after a female in the water. There are several other naked pigs floating and surfing in the water. One other pig is sitting under an umbrella and spying on the females with a pair of binoculars. The expressions on each of the irritated and disgusted faces of the females show that the male pigs are not welcomed. Finally, in the center of the image, there is a couple, a man and a woman, holding hands and walking on the sand. Their backs are facing toward the audience. The major difference between this couple and all the others is because of the female and male relationship. Below the image are the words: â€Å"Evolve. Use the most trusted name in condoms every time. † followed by the logo name, Trojan ® Brand Condoms. With this representation of their product, what first comes to mind? Most importantly, what is the precise message that Trojan is aiming at the audience with their advertisement? Trojan is portraying society and media in all stereotypes. As will be mentioned, Trojan is revealing the idea and image of a â€Å"perfect† body type. Their view of a perfect and beautiful person is portrayed in their advertisement as tall and skinny. Trojan portrays their consumers as only beautiful, when in fact today’s society consists of all shapes and body sizes. Trojan is promoting the idea that â€Å"sex sells†, by exploiting the women as objects of sexual behaviors, and promoting the idea of sex itself. They assume that their consumers all engage in sexual behaviors and therefore are required to purchase their product. They also assume that once you use their product, the male will gain the trust of the female. However, numerous interpretations can be drawn from this description of their advertisement. Is Trojan aiming to promote the usage of their condom, Evolve? Or are they exploiting women by means of their representation in the advertisement? Are men really â€Å"evolved† after the usage of their product? Each of these questions can be answered with multiple analyses. First of all, the advertisement portrays men as pigs if they do not use Trojan condoms. This can be seen by the representation of only one male versus the ten pigs in the whole of the image. The connotation of the word â€Å"pig† suggests that they are dirty, fat, lazy, perverted, and irresponsible. This is contradictory of the view of â€Å"man†, whom in this advertisement, is portrayed as clean, handsome, masculine, sociable, and responsible. Compared to the pigs, the man is welcomed and accepted by the female. The pleasant and content face of the female suggests that she is comfortable with holding hands with the male and welcomes his presence. The other females in this campaign have a miserable facial expression because they have a â€Å"dirty†, perverted pig prowling next to them and invading their personal space. The word â€Å"swine† from the title of the book, No Time for Swine, refers to stout and short-legged animals such as pigs. The title suggests that the female is not interested in committing her time to that type of person. She is more willing to spend her time with a real man, such as the one on the cover of the book. However, it is instinctual for the viewer to compare and contrast man and pig at first glance. What if the man in the advertisement encompasses the same intentions as the pig? Is it possible to detach the idea of a dirty sexual being to a separate and thoughtful individual? Another observation that can be made about this campaign is the manner in which the marketing individuals represent the women. The purpose of the women is to exploit them for the intention of the objectification of the product. Each female is wearing a revealing bathing suit in order to be used as an object to absorb the viewers in. The woman who is trying to get a tan is in a position that is similar to when one is preparing for sexual intercourse which gives the image of tenderness and readiness. Also, the female seems to be pulling on the knot of her bikini bottom, which gives the impression that she is ready to take them off. The woman who is being squirted with lotion by another pig also gives the impression of a sexual act, such as ejaculation. The facial expression that is being displayed on her face tells us that what the pig is doing is considered as revolting and unwanted. This represents a male who has discharged on a female when he did not use a condom; therefore the male is unable to protect her and is considered to be a pig instead of a man. The women epitomize the idea of safe sex. From previous observations, the women are discontent with the beings around them. The females do not trust the pigs because the pigs are not â€Å"safe†. In this case, not being safe means not using their condom. This brings in the question of the trustfulness of man and the product itself. A man who chooses to use a condom shows that he can be trusted and is believed to be responsible. The words that appear on this advertisement: â€Å"Evolve. Use the most trusted name in condoms every time. † is declaring a statement that if an individual uses condom, Evolve by Trojan, then he will be â€Å"evolved† from a pig to a man and is â€Å"trusted†. This infers that if you use the trusted name brand of condoms then women would be willing to entrust them with themselves. The thought that they will be safe and unharmed from any type of sexually transmitted diseases makes the woman feel protected. However, the representation of the advertisement comes into question. If their product is â€Å"most trusted†, what is the validity in their product when they portray women and men in such a manner? As it can be seen in the advertisement, the women and man portrayed here are all considered to be beautiful, according to today’s standards. All of the females and male have approximately the same body shape and type, tall and skinny. Although the initial impression of the advertisement asserts the idea of becoming a beautiful being, Trojan also seems to be only marketing to a certain type of people. This conveys a message to the viewers that only people who are beautiful are allowed to use this product. Men, who are stout-like and short, as conveyed through the pigs, are not considered as real men who do use condoms. Consequently, this advertisement exposes the idea of body image: only beautiful people use the Trojan condoms. If Trojan portrays man as an animal, then it shows the implication that Trojan themselves have not yet â€Å"evolved† from their ideas. If they are able to come up with ideas such as these to convey to the audience, it shows that they have not yet evolved from being a â€Å"thoughtless seller† to a more evolved â€Å"inventor† to capture the attention of their consumers. Their idea of marketing to the audience is by using the theme of â€Å"sex sells†. If we are able to transform from such implications and move on to new ideas that better portrays society, then we are able to evolve into a new level. Every day, many industries are trying to develop new ideas to convey their messages or to sell their products to the consumers in the market. Some of these advertisements are sold to numerous magazines and television stations. Whoever the viewers may be, they all range from different ages, cultures, and body types. In order for a company to be considered as â€Å"evolved†, such as understanding their own view and also the consumer’s view, they first have to discover their reasons as to why and whom they are portraying their message to. They have to first realize that their promotion will not be judged on a first look, but also pertaining to its hidden significance. If they claim their product is a certain way, such as Trojan has claimed, then they should be responsible to uphold their reputation as a well as to how they have portrayed their advertisement as a whole. How to cite Trojan Ad, Papers

Endocrine Case Study

Question: Discuss about the Endocrine Case Study. Answer: Glycated hemoglobin, commonly referred to as HbA1c has been used as an indicator of how well blood sugar is being controlled over a longer period of time. Average glycemia or blood sugar levels over a period of about 12 preceding weeks are measured with the help of HbA1c, which is essentially the non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin (Nathan, McGee, Steffes, Lachin, Group*, 2014). Ms. LK has a higher than normal value of HbA1c at 7.6%. This could put her at risk of complications that arise from high blood sugar. In order to lower this value she has to exercise better control on eating consistently. The amount of food intake at each meal has to be monitored in order to avoid hypoglycemia on one hand and control fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels on the other. The regular exercise regimen at the gym has to be supported by an active life style (Horton Subauste, 2016). The counting of carbohydrates is necessary at every meal. This will allow the insulin to keep blood sugar levels within the normal range. Ms. LK will be advised to be follow the diet, exercise and medication recommendations diligently. Non-adherence to diet, exercise and medication regimen can severely risk her health. Hyperglycemia due to consumption of high sugar foods can trigger another episode of ketoacidosis and put the patient's health to risk. Hospitalisation in the intensive car e unit may be required to stabilize the various parameters of health, such as, blood glucose, insulin dose, potassium levels in blood, restoration of pH of blood and dehydration. Long term impact of hyperglycemia or uncontrolled blood sugar on various organs- eyes, kidneys, peripheral vascular disease, cardiovascular disease, poor foot health, eye disease, kidney disease and several complications could result. Skipping meals after taking an insulin dose could cause hypoglycemia which can cause low energy. Choosing meals that contain high amounts of carbohydrates can jeopardise patient's health. Sugar sweetened beverages can cause hyperglycemia. Intake of alcohol can cause hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. Even occasional indulgence should be avoided. Because development of ketoacidosis can be life threatening. Management of diabetic ketoacidosis is required for correction of fluid loss and this is done with intravenous normal saline. The hyperglycemia is corrected with insulin and electrolyte disturbances are corrected by giving potassium intravenously. If correction of acid-base balance is required infusion of sodium bicarbonate may be given. The administration of normal saline given to correct dehydration may be enough to correct acidosis. Ms. LK may not be discharged unless she can be returned to her usual insulin regimen with no evidence of recurring ketosis. When tests confirm a pH of more than 7.3 nd when bicarbonate exceeds 18mEq/L, patient can be returned to an oral diet and subcutaneous doses of insulin can be resumed. Long acting insulin is given to patients who had been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before the symptoms of ketoacidosis appeared (Hamdy, 2017). Ms. LK has been prescribed a dose of Novorapid 6 units before breakfast and 2 units before the evening meal. Additionally she has been given Mixtard 30/70 12 units before breakfast and 4 units before the evening meal. While Novorapid is recombinant human insulin of the fast acting type, Mixtard is a mix of the rapid acting soluble insulin and the longer acting 'isophane' that acts over several hours. This allows the patient to consume carbohydrates for several hours after the injection and remain protected from high blood glucose levels. Since the duration of release is several hours during the day, the patient can consume carbohydrates and still remain protected from hyperglycemia. Exercise improves the ability of insulin to transport glucose in the cells for oxidation and release of energy. Intake of carbohydrates does not raise blood glucose due to injection of insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (/mixtard.html, 2017). There are several causes other than consuming too many carbohydrates that can cause hyperglycemia. Infection or any illness that causes release of adrenaline or cortisol can cause hyperglycemia, because both these hormones interfere with insulin function. A diabetic ketoacidosis can result during pneumonia or urinary tract infections. At times, patients may miss dose of insulin and this can trigger an episode of hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis. Patients with alcohol dependence or substance dependence, particularly cocaine are also likely to suffer from ketoacidosis. Sudden emotional or physical trauma, heart attack and medications, such as, corticosteroids and certain diuretics are known causes of ketoacidosis. Patients with type 2 diabetes are sometimes diagnosed with hyperglycemia for the first time due to ketoacidosis (/Causes.aspx, 2015). Hyperglycemia in diabetes type 1 and type 2 makes it likely for the patient to suffer from microvascular and macrovascular complications that can cause foot injury and eye disease. Macrovascular complications occur due to formation of advanced glycated products, oxidative stress and low grade inflammation (Chawla, Chawla, Jaggi, 2016). Diabetic patients who have had the condition for a number of years are likely to suffer from poor foot health. Foot ulcers in diabetic patients may occur when a wound below the ankle is of a non-healing or poorly healing type. Foot gangrene may occur if tissue death or decay occurs due to an ischemia of foot, this is usually evidenced by a Doppler test. Deformity, dislocation, destruction or subluxation occurs when a bone, joint or tissue of the ankle or foot is/are inflamed. This is usually accompanied by neuropathy that may or may not be preceded by trauma. In severe cases foot amputation may be necessary (Al-Rubeaan, et al., 2015). Peripheral vascular disease usually affects blood vessels of the lower extremities. Due to atherosclerosis, risk of cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease are high among diabetes patients (Thiruvoipati, Kielhorn, Armstrong, 2015). References /Causes.aspx. (2015, April 23). Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetic-ketoacidosis/Pages/Causes.aspx /mixtard.html. (2017, March 2). Retrieved from https://www.drugs.com: https://www.drugs.com/uk/mixtard.html Al-Rubeaan, K., Derwish, M., Ouizi, S., Youssef, A., Subhani, S., Ibrahim, H., Alamri, B. (2015). Diabetic Foot Complications and Their Risk Factors from a Large Retrospective Cohort Study. PLoS One, 10(5): e0124446. Chawla, A., Chawla, R., Jaggi, S. (2016). Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: Distinct or continuum? Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 20(4): 546551. Hamdy, O. (2017, March 23). /118361-treatment. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/118361-treatment Horton, W., Subauste, J. (2016). Care of the Athlete With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Clinical Review. InternationalJournalof Endocrinology Metbolism, 14(2): e36091. Nathan, D., McGee, P., Steffes, M., Lachin, J., Group*, D. R. (2014). Relationship of Glycated Albumin to Blood Glucose and HbA1c Values and to Retinopathy, Nephropathy, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the DCCT/EDIC Study. Diabetes, 63(1): 282290. Thiruvoipati, T., Kielhorn, C., Armstrong, E. (2015). Peripheral artery disease in patients with diabetes: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and outcomes. World Journal of Diabetes, 6(7): 961969.

Prenatal Period free essay sample

During each menstrual cycle, several ovarian follicles begin to mature and develop but usually only one follicle develops fully. While the other follicles recede, the dominant follicle produces an egg that will be released and can be fertilized. The egg is picked by one of the fallopian tubes and begins to travel towards the uterus; this is where fertilization takes place. Fertilization must take place within the 12-24 hour lifespan of the egg after ovulation or the egg begins to degenerate and is no longer capable of being fertilized. Usually only a single ovum is released during ovulation. However if two separate ova are released and fertilized the result can be fraternal twins. It could be two brothers, two sisters, or a brother and sister. They are no more genetically alike than any other two children from the same parents because they come from two separate eggs. Identical twins can result if one ovum is released and split into two parts. We will write a custom essay sample on Prenatal Period or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Identical twins genes are almost indistinguishable. After ovulation the first stage of the prenatal period begins, called the germinal stage which begins at conception and last through the second week of pregnancy. About 2,000 sperm will reach the uterus and the fallopian tube. One of the sperm must attach itself to the ovum and penetrate its outer surface. The fertilized ovum, which is now called the zygote, will travel down the fallopian tube until it reaches the uterus. Then it attaches itself to the lining of the uterus and continues to grow. The second stage of the prenatal period is the embryonic stage. It spans the 2-8 weeks that follow conception. At this point the zygote is now known as the embryo. The embryo begins to divide itself into two parts; one part will develop into the placenta while the other will go on to become your baby. Since all the basic organs are beginning to form, the embryo is very fragile. At about 21 days after conception, the beginnings of the spinal cord and eyes appear; at about 24 days, cells differentiate to form what will become part of the heart; at about 28 days, tiny buds appear that will develop into arms and legs; and at about 42 days, features of the face take shape. This is the stage where most major birth defects occur and when most miscarriages happen. Toward the end of the embryonic stage, the organism has developed a number of body organs, such as the heart. The embryo is only about 4 cm long but already has the beginnings of major body organs and limbs to look some-what human. Structures important to the support of the embryo develop during the embryonic stage, including the placenta and umbilical cord. The placenta plays a vital role in the development of your baby. The placenta is an organ that connects the blood supply of the mother to that of the fetus. The placenta feeds and nourishes the fetus while also disposing of toxic waste. Without it the baby could not survive. The third and final stage of the prenatal period is the fetal stage which begins two months after conception and lasts until birth. The fetus is becoming more of an individual during this stage. It develops vital organs such as lungs and physical characteristics. A fetus’s eyes and eyelids are completely formed; they have a fine coating of hair, lungs that are beginning to function, and well developed external sex organs develop at about 6 months. At the end of the fetal stage birth occurs and the fetus becomes a newborn. Sometimes babies are born before the 37th week of pregnancy, which are called premature babies. Because they are born too early, they weigh much less than a full-term baby. They may end up having health problems because their organs did not have enough time to develop. Premature babies need special medical care in a neonatal intensive care unit. They would stay in the NICU until their organ systems can work on their own. Sadly some premature babies don’t make it. A number of genetic errors can be tested for by amniocentesis during the fetal stage. Amniocentesis is a medical test done between weeks 14 and 20 of pregnancy. Amniocentesis consists of inserting a long needle through the mother’s abdominal muscles into the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus. Doctors can identify a number of genetic problems by withdrawing and analyzing fetal cells in the fluid. More than 1,000 genetic disorders can be tested for and identified.

The History of Postage Stamps

The History of Postage Stamps Before adhesive paper stamps came along, letters were hand-stamped or postmarked with ink. Postmarks were invented by Henry Bishop and were at first called Bishop mark. Bishop marks were first used in 1661 at the London General Post Office. They marked the day and month the letter was mailed. The First Modern Postage Stamp: Penny Black The first issued postage stamp began with Great Britains Penny Post. On May 6, 1840, the British Penny Black stamp was released. The Penny Black engraved the profile of Queen Victorias head, who remained on all British stamps for the next 60 years.   Rowland Hill Invents Adhesive Postage Stamps A schoolmaster from England, Sir Rowland Hill invented the adhesive postage stamp in 1837, an act for which he was knighted. Through his efforts, the first stamp in the world was issued in England in 1840. Roland Hill also created the first uniform postage rates that were based on weight rather than size. Hills stamps made the prepayment of mail postage possible and practical. Hill had received a summons to provide evidence before the Commission for Post Office Enquiry in February 1837. In providing his evidence, he read from the letter he wrote to the Chancellor, including a statement the notation of paid postage could be created ...by using a bit of paper just large enough to bear the stamp and covered at the back with a glutinous wash....  This is the first publication of an unambiguous description of a modern adhesive postage stamp. Hill’s ideas for postage stamps and charging paid-postage based upon weight soon came to fruition and were adopted in many countries throughout the world. With the new policy of charging by weight, more people began using envelopes to mail documents. Hill’s brother Edwin Hill invented a prototype of the envelope-making machine that folded paper into envelopes quickly enough to match the pace of the growing demand for postage stamps. Rowland Hill and the postal reforms he introduced to the UK postal system are immortalized on several commemorative postage issues of the United Kingdom. William Dockwra In 1680, William Dockwra, an English merchant in London, and his partner  Robert Murray  established the  London Penny Post, a mail system that delivered letters and small parcels inside the city of London for a total of one penny. The postage for the mailed item was prepaid by the use of a hand-  stamp  to frank the mailed item, confirming payment of postage.   Shapes and Materials In addition to the most common rectangular shape, stamps have been printed in geometric (circular, triangular and pentagonal) and irregular shapes. The United States issued its first circular stamp in 2000 as a  hologram  of the earth.  Sierra Leone and Tonga have issued stamps in the shapes of fruit.   Stamps are most commonly made from paper designed specifically for them and are printed in sheets, rolls or small booklets. Less commonly, postage stamps are made of materials other than paper, such as  embossed  foil.

The Ins and Outs of a Necropsy

The Ins and Outs of a Necropsy Necropsy is a dissection of a dead animal to determine the cause of death. In essence, it is an autopsy performed on an animal, such as a whale or shark. Necropsies can help us learn more about the biology of an animal, how it is affected by disease or how human interactions may impact animals. Veterinarians regularly perform necropsies on livestock in order to determine whether the cause of death is due to sickness or other environmental factors that may affect the rest of the livestock. If caught early, we can use the information to prevent or contain outbreaks. Zoos  and other institutions that care for animals also perform necropsies on animals that have died in their care in order to ensure the safety of other animals who may be affected. Common Necropsy Procedures Some of the procedures for a necropsy include collecting samples from one or more of the internal organs, examining the stomach contents and looking for signs of trauma. The blood will also be examined in order to determine enzyme values and other factors.  From the necropsy, researchers and veterinarians are able to determine how old an animal is, whether or not a female had been pregnant and what the animal ate.   When it comes to whales, skeletons are kept after the necropsy and sent to universities, schools, and museums so that the specimen  can be studied well into the future.

Alexander I - Reformer or Autocrat Research Paper

Alexander I - Reformer or Autocrat - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, quite a few of those rulers have proved to be so influential that people and history have remembered them since time immemorial. In fact, these chronicles of ancient civilizations have always reigned over the credentials of history. Likewise, these emperors and their ruling periods have left a noticeable and ineradicable imprint in the history of the universe. Amongst the few incomprehensible autocrats that the world has witnessed, Alexander I is one of those enigmatic tsars that has tyrannized the region of Russia for more than a span of twenty years. While looking at the historical background of Russia, it has come under observation that Russia has been a foremost power of Europe that has played a significant role for the peace settlements of the greater parts of it. In addition, history enlightens that for over several centuries; Russia indulged itself as a curb for the European countries in front of the emperors that in quest of having the power over them1. Despite the fact that Alexander I had been a prominent personality of the history, several historical episodes deal with him but only a few meticulous analyses on his personality and policies have come under presentation. The autobiographical epic of Alexander I elucidate the piece of information that he was born in the latter years of the sixteenth century and the last quarter of decade 1770s in one of the largest cities of Russia. Alexander I the Blessed was another name given to him by the people of Russia as he ruled over Russia as an emperor for nearly twenty-five years during his shot span of life. Alexander I was also the Russian King of Poland for approximately ten years. He also gained recognition by becoming the â€Å"first Russian Grand Duke of Finland and Lithuania†2. Although Alexander I was the eldest son amongst his siblings, yet he became the successor to his father of the throne and came into power at a very young age. Alexander I became the czar of Russia when this state was in a turbulent and uncontrolled position due to the happening of Napoleonic Wars. According to the historians, the ruling period of Alexander has come under dissection in two periods primarily. The first period comes under remembrance mostly as progressive and the concluding years of the power deemed as orthodox or counterrevolutionary stage. The historical records reveal the fact that noninterventionist or liberal improvements and reforms were the highlighting facets during the earlier period of the sovereignty of Alexander I. Alexander I carried out the liberal reforms with an intention to transform Russian empire into a highly democratic and modernized society. Moreover, restructuring of the country and codify the legislation of Russia were amongst the numerous distinct reforms of Alexander I3. In addition to it, education and spread of knowledge was one of the fundamental aspects of the early reforms by Alexander I that came under key emphasis during his early reign in terlude. However, the latter period of his dominion states that he practiced much more arbitrary manner of conduct that even abolished or rolled back several preceding reforms consequently4. This is because he became quite conservative after defeating Napoleon who made an endeavor to surmount Russia. This defeat to Napoleon endorsed Alexander I as the most supreme and powerful ruler amongst all of the European emperors. Actually, the alliance of Russia with France deteriorated after this defeat to Napo

Management Information system (journal) Research Paper - 1

Management Information system (journal) - Research Paper Example Communication, however, can be based on wire basel or wireless, whereby wire basel includes coaxial, fiber optic and twisted pairs, while wireless includes sat., mic., cell phone, radio. In networking, protocol includes TCP, HTTP, Bluetooth and USB. System development, on the other hand, can either be long term or short term depending on the nature of the project. In developing a system, there are certain steps that must be followed for it to be a success. The foremost step is the formation of a team that will go through the whole process. This step is then followed by system analysis followed by a feasibility study, a study which analyzes the practicability of the project in various capacities. System design then follows next, which includes buy, lease, outsource and build. This is closely followed by a significant step of coding and testing. User stage then follows whereby the system is tested, documented, training conducted and implementation plan developed. Lastly, operation maintenance and audit comes into play, which marks the last stage of system

American education Essay Example for Free

American education Essay Education in China is growing. Over the past years Chinas education system has been attempting, and been successful in improving the education in China. China for many years did not put much emphasis on education. China was more traditional, meaning they were more interested in farming and working. Prior the 1840 education in China was only for the elite, the high class. The main purpose of education was to train what China called gentlemen or high officials. This is the time of Confucius, a Chinese philosopher who introduced China to the Royal Examination System, which is used to select imperial officers. Chinas education was very rigid and it focused highly on technology thus China has a high rate of illiteracy. Early Chinese students were not very well rounded; they were limited in what they could study. For example a student of science would not know much about Humanities, and vice versa, a student of Humanities would not know much about science. This approach of learning narrowed the range of knowledge that a Chinese student might have. This would limit the students thinking and restrict their future development. When a student is limited in what he of she can do then that will dramatically decrease the number of jobs that they have to chose from. American education is a lot different than the early Chinese education. In America, school is for developing critical thinking skills. American education teaches students to apply what they learn in the class to the outside world. They teach students to think outside of the box and how to think deep and to apply critical thinking skills. Critical thinking is expected in America, as for China they are more knowledge focused. The Chinese function more on memorization of knowledge and facts, again this limits them in their thinking. Chinas education is based on training for entrance exams for college; this time of exams is known as black July. They memorize a lot of facts and then repeat them on a test. In America they teach how to apply what we learn to many different problems, to see if the students can figure them out. Chinas system is very competitive. The students compete with each other because there is limited space in college and there are limited jobs, in their marrow fields. This increases the pressure on the students, students at times commit suicide or run away from home and often suffer form depression because the pressure is so great on them, form their family and also themselves. Unlike most American students Chinese students are eager to learn and work really hard, they want to be the best that they can be for themselves and also for their family. China is making a lot of reforms on their education approach today. They are slowly adopting some of the western worlds principles. They are beginning to encourage students to study in more than one field, such as if a students is studying mathematics they also can, and often do study another subject such as science. This is broadening the students horizons and allowing them to be more rounded in their capabilities. This also increases the job types that they might be able to do. The Chinese are beginning to put more of an emphasis on critical thinking than they have in the years past. This takes some of the pressure off of the students and evens it out a little more, because if the cant find a job and all they have is one skill then they will suffer and be left out working maybe a low rate job. If a student has more flexibility in what he or she can do then there will be more options for them in the job field. The education systems of China and America are more and more beginning to resemble one another. A few differences that still exist today are that the American schools are more centered on the students and interaction learning while the China schools are more teacher- focused and lecture oriented. American schools also encourage the students to debate with the teacher and ask questions during class. China has a phrase called saving face; this means that the students would rather not know the answer than to ask a dumb question. Teachers dont encourage questions during class and dont allow much debate. There are both strengths and weaknesses to both Chinese and American education methods. Chinese students study hard and often. They are viewing school as a privilege and a competition while most Americans view school as boring and tiresome. While Americans struggle with memorization and discipline, they are strong in critical thinking. American students are more rounded and able to apply what they have learned too many different things, whereas the Chinese are somewhat limited. I would have to say that all in all both systems have their positives and their negatives but as the years progress, improvement in each country will also.

Human Imperfection Illustrated in Frosts Poem, After Apple Picking Ess

The poem â€Å"After Apple Picking† by Robert Frost expresses the feelings of the narrator during and after the process of harvesting apples by showing the sustainability and ambition of human spirit. Frost’s poem is an accurate reflection of life and of human imperfection through the use of repetition, literal and figurative language and various symbols. The repeated use of the word â€Å"sleep† resonates throughout the poem and suggests that the narrator is experiencing fatigue and weariness, â€Å"I am drowsing off / I cannot rub the strangeness from my sight / Upon my way to sleep before it fell / My instep arch not only keeps the ache / [Woodchuck]’s sleep† (Frost 8-21) One interpretation of sleep is a â€Å"final sleep† due to sleep’s association with winter in this piece. Because winter is most commonly associated to death of life, one may assume that was the author’s intended definition. However, a more logical and literal interpretation is the fact that the speaker is worn out and tired from picking apples, which would relate to and explain some of the other figures of speech in the poem. T...

Women’s Rights in Developing Countries

Not unknown to us is the fact that in many countries, inequality between men and women still exists. In gender differences for example in earnings and occupations of American women , the ratio of female to male earnings among full time workers was roughly constant from the 1950’s to the early 1980’s and the segregation of occupations by sex is substantial and has declined only slightly across the last century (Goldin, 1994). This problem is even worse in developing countries where people suffer from appalling poverty. Evidence of gender inequality and exploitation of women exist in most societies, yet some of the worst cases are found in the developing world. The murder of some five thousand woman annually in India by dissatisfied husbands; the enslavement of women working in Pakistan’s brick-making industry; wife beatings in Zambia and the Andes; and the sale of child brides are only a few of the many instances of women’s subservient status in many Third World countries (Sadelksi, 1997). Countries that do not sufficiently meet its necessary sustenance can even have bigger rifts in the disparity between men and women. Studies show that in developing countries, severity of inequality to health, life expectancy at birth, quality of life, workload, education, legal rights, and economic mobility are some of the areas where men and women differ (Witwer, 1997; World Conference on Women, 1995; & Huyer, 1997 as cited in Park, n. d. ). The burden of this inequality between men and women is compounded by the failure of some developing countries to recognize women’s rights. In Asia, women work more than men but they get paid less. Fifty percent (50%) of food production in Asia comes from the sector of women but they get little recognition for that (Shah, 2007). Faced by this issue, we can say that although developing countries have relatively moved from an extreme patriarchic society to a more permissive structure allowing both sexes to freely exercise their rights, women continue to be unwilling victims of discrimination. Indeed men and women are created uniquely, however in our society, the women are always taken as the inferior one, supporting the men. According to Plato’s â€Å"The Republic† (in Ebenstein & Ebenstein, 2000), there is no occupation concerned with the management of social affairs which belongs to woman or to man, as such. Natural gifts are to be found here and there in both creatures alike; and every occupation is open to both, so far as their natures are concerned, though woman is for all purposes the weaker. But is this convention enough reason to strip women of their rights and abuse them? It seems illogical that because women are women, they would be taken as weaker and more inferior. It is only an issue of gender. Gender is a social construction that although useful has been dominated by a male bias and is particularly oppressive to women (Littlejohn, 2002). This is construction is nothing but a false ideology that made us believe that we are thinking are necessarily true, when in fact they are not. An international organization that facilitates international law and security, the United Nations established a commission on the status of women in 1946 (Division, 2005). Since 1975 conferences have been made and provided avenue for women all around the globe to voice out their sentiments and situations. Consequently, several declarations have been created such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Office, n. d. ) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (United Nations, 2000). But the question still remains- are these being observed in most countries? In some places, claims are made that women’s rights will be respected more, yet policies are sometimes not changed enough, thus still undermining the rights of women (Shah, 2007). Looking at the issue closely, there is the undeniable truth that yes, policies are existing to protect women from abuses. But what we fail to see is that the implementation of these policies are sometimes met by resistance, nit so much because the people does not like to establish relative order in their society but because the complex nature of culture would not easily permit these changes to happen. Relative order because for all we know, developing countries’ society see themselves as ordered despite infringes on women’s rights. For example, in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, early marriage of girls is common. The threat of HIV induces parents to marry their daughters in the mistaken belief that this will protect them from infection (Women’s Rights, n. . ). In Pakistan, honor killings directed at women have been carried for even the slightest reasons (Shah, 2007). It surely is not easy to change tradition overnight. In many developing countries, the sad truth of continued unfair treatment to women exists. In some regions they are not allowed to inherit or own property, meaning that a woman without a male protection has very few ways to support herself or her children. Moreover, stigma and ridicule prevents women from bringing cases to courts that may rectify injustices (UNAIDS, UNFPA, & UNIFEM, n. d. ). Moreover, women during their lifetime meets various discrimination that include foeticide and infanticide. In many developing countries where preference for sons exists, misuse of diagnostic tools can aid in determining gender of babies. Death from pregnancy complications and childbirth has also been accounted highest in developing countries (Shah, 2007). These clearly show us how culture can be against the rights of women. They are denied of their right to live even at conception when men are given more privilege. They suffer from lack of medical attention when they carry children and their partners go footloose. Aside from cultural issues, some other facets of women’s rights violated include education (Jejeebhoy, 1995; Malhotra & Mather, 1997), discrimination in the workplace (Shah, 2007; Malhotra & Mather, 1997), reproductive rights (Jejeebhoy, 1995; Shah, 2007), and even how women are portrayed in the media (Shah, 2007). In almost every setting, regardless of region, culture or level of development, well-educated women have a greater say in their lives (Jejeebhoy, 1995). However in developing countries where education is beyond the reach of most women, how can we expect them to have better lives? According to UNICEF (2007) because women have to spent much of their time at home, they get paid less in their jobs. And even if women have the financial power, they do not necessarily have power over family decisions (Malhotra & Mather, 1997). Women’s rights refers to the freedoms inherently possessed by women and girls of all ages, which may be institutionalized, ignored or suppressed by law, custom and behavior in a particular society (Hosken, 1981). These rights are meant to protect women from the oppression that they are experiencing and also provide opportunities to empower themselves. In developing countries where tradition is more prevalent than reason, it is not easy for women to safeguard themselves. For a society that has existed with a certain practice whether oppressive or not to women, change can only happen if the need arises. We cannot expect cultures to suddenly reorganize simply because they appear barbaric to us. No, this will be imperialism. Taking into consideration the history of most colonized countries, the suppression of cultural practices has become more of a disadvantage. This is not to say that women should be left on their own and wait for society to feel the need to uplift the status of women. According to Human Rights Watch (n. d. ) arguments that sustain and excuse these human rights abuses – those of cultural norms, â€Å"appropriate† rights for women, or western imperialism – barely disguise their true meaning: that women's lives matter less than men's. Cultural relativism, which argues that there are no universal human rights and that rights are culture-specific and culturally determined, is still a formidable and corrosive challenge to women's rights to equality and dignity in all facets of their lives. What is needed now is a more realistic creation of rights that would not clash with the culture. There should always be harmony between policies and customs for after all, quoting from the book The Little Prince, â€Å"Authority rests on reason. † Women’s rights, just like any other right need to be observed and defend everyone from all kinds of oppression. Societies have gone past primitive to a more modern setting and hopefully this development would be instrumental to the empowerment of women and creation of a better society.

The Impact of Advertising in Our Daily Lives Student

Advertising is a form of communication whose purpose is to fix the attention of a target to induce the desired behavior: purchase product, election of a politician, encouraging environment.. Advertising, to make public action or statement of what is public has come to mean all modern means used to publicize a product, an industrial or commercial to1830. Advertising does influence our consumption? Indeed, advertising influences our choices as consumers, initially targeting its message, then the presence of subliminal image and ending with propaganda. However, advertising is not that this aim, it can also be humanistic objects. Advertising is ubiquitous. Advertising does not leave us indifferent: She seduces,entertains or otherwise irritated, exasperated. The goal is to make known and to bring a product to purchase behavior. Advertising is a product of mass consumption. Theadvertisement conveys the norm of internality: â€Å"You can as long as we confine the means. † Advertising is the vector, creates or reinforces stereotypes. She teaches the components of a lifestyle (hygiene, meals †¦ ) desirable. It relays the consumer aspects of the practice groups that are in dominant positions and luxury products are presentedas accessible to all. They played on and reinforces stereotypes. Advertising is fundamentally conservative. Advertising adapts to customer segments. . Advertising inventing anything. An advertising is so easy for her to come to encourage there are several steps. The development of a commercial complex, the general approachbegins by defining strategy with targets thereof, objectives and constraints, we must then develop the message you want to go and find media to disseminate the advertising. Everything is considered and calculated. Developing a message inside of an advertisement is done by â€Å"copy strategy â€Å". It has promise, a concrete proposal to the consumer, the evidence supporting the promise corresponding to a distinguishing feature of the product, the consumer benefit, as provided by the use of this product, and tone, the elements of messages to create an atmosphere. Then there is the advertisement which consists of visual, written and sound effects. All items are calculated based on the target (the slogan, color, text, grip). Advertising also encourages us through subliminal image. The subliminal image is an image that is undetectable to the naked eye but the brain processes anyway. It should be noted that most existing laws prohibiting such images in advertising. A subliminal message is a stimulus that is not consciously perceived by the person who receives it ,it is beyond the level of consciousness, but it excites the senses well. An example of a subliminal message is in the re-election of Francois Mitterrand to the presidency. The daily of Paris â€Å"accusing him of having received subliminal messages contained in the Generic of journal TV france2. We can clearly see when it stops the picture is a picture of Mitterrand in the credits. However, the trial for â€Å"electoral manipulation† has been lost because the image lasted more than one twenty-fifth of a second, thereby excluding the qualifying subliminal. But there are many other examples. One can see that M6(French TV ) Is taken in offense by the HAC (Higher Audiovisual Council) for airing during the credits to sponsor the show â€Å"Camera Cafe† a subliminal image representing the logo Freedent White, a chewing gum brand Wrigley's . Propaganda is also a way to encourage consumption in our advertising. It is primarily a tool of manipulation. All those who hold power use it to convince, manipulate, and getmembership bid. Religions, sects, governments use them to achieve their ends. For their part, traders, sellers, use advertising which is a form of propaganda. Traders, vendors, seeking to convince people that they hold the secret to make them happy, the secret is obviously their products supposedly miraculous. And the dream continues. Propaganda or advertising, used in all areas: consumer products, sporting, cultural, fashion, electronic gadgets, etc.. All are using advertising to convince people to buy their products. The power of propaganda or advertising is not from the veracity of the facts or the quality of the product and it comes from the persuasiveness of the seller and his ability to convince. The means used must touch the emotions of the customer. It is the intent of the religions, governments, traders, sellers. Everything is used to transfer theresistance and get people to buy, to become passionate followers, fanatics. Wealways call to emotions rather than reason, as it is with emotion that we submit to it as easily. Despite the manipulative side of advertising, communication can be more humanistic goals. Road safety has constantly need to communicate, need to be present in the eyes of drivers. It therefore makes advertising campaigns to sensitize the impact of alcohol, drugs, phone or driving too fast. In this case, the short films that can be seen on television as advertising are not intended to influence or manipulate but to educate, raise awareness to the driver that he is endangering himself and others and should therefore be careful. The images are harsh, violent, traumatic. By dint of constantly saying that we should not drink and drive, using advertising campaigns, present and future generations will be increasingly sophisticated and advertising will be served with human goals. Advertising against alcohol and drugs at the wheel are more common on our television screens to educate young drivers and other road hazards. The side of the advertising that appears next is a more objective, we do not sell anything, it merely gives advice that is useful. Do not take the road hazards and the lightly advertising makes us feel good. Found in this type of advertising to target a more human side. Manipulation is not the goal of this campaign. The AIDS campaign is high profile, many commercials are created, like those for road safety awareness, prevent risks. These are general interest campaigns to raise awareness of a social or economic problem. They are nonprofit. There are different kinds of campaigns of this kind, such as prevention against smoking, the presidential campaigns, the introduction of TNT on all TV. These ads are aimed to prevent, anticipate, fight, act on economic or social problems. In conclusion, advertising is a form of communication that greatly influences our consumption. One can almost qualify as a science because everything is calculated for one is like to eat what we saw, or we will create the need for what we heard. Advertising manipulates us in our buying behavior. We identify with the characters in advertisings; we create needs, and must be filled. Advertising hide flaws because it transmits he new movements of fashion or appearance to the company embarks and followsthis movement with no questions asked to fit the new mold. However, advertising has a positive side when it comes to raise awareness of the dangers of drinking and driving, or protect themselves against AIDS. It therefore has a more human purpose when not used for profit to sell us the latest product of such a mark. Chapter one: The origin of advertising 1-history of advertising: Egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Commercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Arabia. Lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock art paintings that date back to 4000 BC. ]History tells us that Out-of-home advertising and billboards are the oldest forms of advertising. As the towns and cities of the Middle Ages began to grow, and the general populace was unable to read, signs that today would say cobbler, miller, tailor or blacksmith would use an image associated with their trade such as a boot, a suit, a hat, a clock, a diamond, a horse shoe, a candle or even a bag of flour. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons and their proprietors used street callers (town criers) to announce their whereabouts for the convenience of the customers. As education became an apparent need and reading, as well as printing, developed advertising expanded to include handbills. In the 17th century advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in England. These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press; and medicines, which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe. However, false advertising and so-called â€Å"quack† advertisements became a problem, which ushered in the regulation of advertising content. As the economy expanded during the 19th century, advertising grew alongside. In the United States, the success of this advertising format eventually led to the growth of mail-order advertising. In June 1836, French newspaper La Presse was the first to include paid advertising in its pages, allowing it to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its profitability and the formula was soon copied by all titles. Around 1840, Volney B. Palmer established the roots of the modern day advertising agency in Philadelphia. In 1842 Palmer bought large amounts of space in various newspapers at a discounted rate then resold the space at higher rates to advertisers. The actual ad- the copy, layout, and artwork- was stilled prepared by the company wishing to advertise; in effect, Palmer was a space broker. The situation changed in the late 19th century when the advertising agency of N. W. Ayer & Son was founded. Ayer and Son offered to plan, create, and execute complete advertising campaigns for its customers. By 1900 the advertising agency had become the focal point of creative planning, and advertising was firmly established as a profession. Around the same time, in France, Charles-Louis Havas extended the services of his news agency, Havas to include advertisement brokerage, making it the first French group to organize. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer & Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N. W. Ayer opened in 1869, and was located in Philadelphia. At the turn of the century, there were few career choices for women in business; however, advertising was one of the few. Since women were responsible for most of the purchasing done in their household, advertisers and agencies recognized the value of women's insight during the creative process. In fact, the first American advertising to use a sexual sell was created by a woman – for a soap product. Although tame by today's standards, the advertisement featured a couple with the message â€Å"The skin you love to touch†. . In the early 1920s, the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers. As time passed, many non-profit organizations followed suit in setting up their own radio stations, and included: schools, clubs and civic groups. When the practice of sponsoring programs was popularised, each individual radio program was usually sponsored by a single business in exchange for a brief mention of the business' name at the beginning and end of the sponsored shows. However, radio station owners soon realised they could earn more money by selling sponsorship rights in small time allocations to multiple businesses throughout their radio station's broadcasts, rather than selling the sponsorship rights to single businesses per show. This practice was carried over to television in the late 1940s and early 1950s. A fierce battle was fought between those seeking to commercialise the radio and people who argued that the radio spectrum should be considered a part of the commons – to be used only non-commercially and for the public good. The United Kingdom pursued a public funding model for the BBC, originally a private company, the British Broadcasting Company, but incorporated as a public body by Royal Charter in 1927. In Canada, advocates like Graham Spry were likewise able to persuade the federal government to adopt a public funding model, creating theCanadian Broadcasting Corporation. However, in the United States, the capitalist model prevailed with the passage of theCommunications Act of 1934 which created the Federal Communications Commission. [5] However, the U. S. Congress did require commercial broadcasters to operate in the â€Å"public interest, convenience, and necessity†. 6] Public broadcasting now exists in the United States due to the 1967 Public Broadcasting Act which led to the Public Broadcasting Service and National Public Radio. In the early 1950s, the Dumont Television Network began the modern practice of selling advertisement time to multiple sponsors. Previously, DuMont had trouble finding sponsors for many of their programs and compensated by selling smaller blocks of advertising time to several businesses. This eventually became the standard for the commercial televi sion industry in the United States. However, it was still a common practice to have single sponsor shows, such as The United States Steel Hour. In some instances the sponsors exercised great control over the content of the show—up to and including having one's advertising agency actually writing the show. The single sponsor model is much less prevalent now, a notable exception being the Hallmark Hall of Fame. The 1960s saw advertising transform into a modern approach in which creativity was allowed to shine, producing unexpected messages that made advertisements more tempting to consumers' eyes. The Volkswagen ad campaign—featuring such headlines as â€Å"Think Small† and â€Å"Lemon† (which were used to describe the appearance of the car)—ushered in the era of modern advertising by promoting a â€Å"position† or â€Å"unique selling proposition† designed to associate each brand with a specific idea in the reader or viewer's mind. This period of American advertising is called the Creative Revolution and its archetype was William Bernbach who helped create the revolutionary Volkswagen ads among others. Some of the most creative and long-standing American advertising dates to this period. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the introduction of cable television and particularly MTV. Pioneering the concept of the music video, MTV ushered in a new type of advertising: the consumer tunes in for the advertising message, rather than it being a by-product or afterthought. As cable and satellite television became increasingly prevalent, specialty channels emerged, including channels entirely devoted to advertising, such as QVC, Home Shopping Network, andShopTV Canada. Marketing through the Internet opened new frontiers for advertisers and contributed to the â€Å"dot-com† boom of the 1990s. Entire corporations operated solely on advertising revenue, offering everything from coupons to free Internet access. At the turn of the 21st century, a number of websites including the search engine Google, started a change in online advertising by emphasizing contextually relevant, unobtrusive ads intended to help, rather than inundate, users. This has led to a plethora of similar efforts and an increasing trend of interactive advertising.

Bruce Lee essays

Bruce Lee essays It was Bruce Lees ability, on screen and off, to cross this gap between Zen intent and violent result that made him truly special. He was a great fighter and an interesting human being who knew how to communicate to both East and West. Alex Ben Block, The Legend of Bruce Lee In light of this quotation, how did Bruce Lee bridge the gulf between Eastern and Western audiences to become an international film star? For many of his fans all across the world, Bruce Lee has achieved an almost God-like status. Many of the books written about him posthumously are written by people who greatly admire the man, people who negate the value of Bruce Lee: the international film star and instead focus, to an almost obsessive level, on Bruce Lee: the king of Kung Fu, Bruce Lee: the Eastern philosopher, Bruce Lee: the mystical sensei, Bruce Lee: the legend. This may be due to his sudden and untimely death in 1973. Less than a year after his death, the writer Alex Ben Block predicted, quite rightly, that, Someday far down the line, after East and West have met, people will tell Bruce Lee stories in the same dreamy way people tell Jimmy Dean or Buddy Holly or Janis Joplin stories. My aim in this essay is to discard all the myths that surround Bruce Lee, all the speculations about the man himself. My focus will be Bruce Lee the film star, the image that he created which appealed to both East and West. In his unfortunately short adult career he completed four films and I will examine these to try and find what it was about Bruce Lee that made him an international star, the qualities that made him popular in both Hong Kong and Britain/America. In the Chinese Year of the Dragon, on 27th November 1940, a baby boy was born to Lee Hoi Cheun (a minor star of the Cantonese Opera Company of Hong Kong) and his wife, Grace. The city of the birth was San Francisco, but this ...

Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Ecuador Essay -- agricultural contam

The Costa region is located between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Mountains, and is made up of coastal lowlands, coastal mountains, and hilly hills that separate river valleys. Ecuador has a long and varied coastline. It is the country’s most fertile and productive land. The crops that would be commonly found in this region are: Bananas, rice crop, and cocoa. The truly coastal provinces have active fisheries. Coastal waters are rich with anchovies, mackerel, tuna, shrimp, fish, tilapia, and crab. Shrimp and tilapia are raised in small ponds. Cocoa is grown primarily by small scale farmers mainly in tropical cropping systems. Rice is a very important crop grown by small and medium scale farmers. (1) Most of this nation’s bananas, cacao, coffee and sugar cane are raised on plantations in the coastal lowlands. Oranges and rice are also grown in the coastal lowlands. Ecuador is the world’s leading producer of balsa wood which grows in the coastal lowlands. (5) The Sierra region has two major chains of the Andes Mountains, the Coproduce mainly beef and dual purpose cattle with dairy. For a country that’s no bigger than the state of Colorado, it’s amazing how diverse its agricultural regions are. (1) SOURCES: 1) Central Intelligence Agency, CIA, (2013), â€Å"South America: Ecuador†, http://www.cia.gov/library/publications, World Fact book 2) CROPS, U.S. Library of Congress, 1989. http://countrystudies.us/ecuador/46.htm 3) Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles , J.M. Suttie and S.G. Reynolds in January, 2003 and modified by S.G. Reynolds in May 2006, http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/pasture/forage.htm 4) Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2014 Advameg, Inc., http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Ecuador-ENVIRONMENT.html#ixzz2rMkJUyg3 5) World Book Encyclopedia, 2014, World Book inc., Chicago, IL 6) Culture Shock Ecuador, Nicholas Crowder, Marshall Cavendish 2001, Tarrytown, NY

The Health Care Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Health Care Dilemma - Essay Example Essentially, it nationalized health care, reformed the American private health insurance sector and will work to provide universal coverage for all Americans through the â€Å"individual mandate† concept, which rules all Americans to buy insurance otherwise they will face a fine. This federal legislation is a flawed policy that needs to be repealed or amended, at the least. The fact is that it is unconstitutional, un-American and half-baked piece of legislation that has been passed in order to save President’s Obama’s face in his drive to deliver an election campaign promise. Un-American Universal coverage or the mandate for everyone to buy insurance is against American values. The United States has thrived and prospered through the freedom by which its enterprises and its citizens conducted their affairs. With the nationalized health care, the government would be encroaching on the rights of individuals to choose and decide what is best for themselves. In addition, the government is taking more responsibility for welfare than what is necessary. The country has trudged on and has actually grown in the past decades, with the government taking a laissez faire attitude and giving free rein to enterprises and nurturing capitalism. The nationalized health care law is pandering to the people through its mantra of social justice but the fact is that it is against the American ethos that defines poverty and how individuals are responsible for their own fates. Elaborate welfare systems such as the Obamacare, are inherently misguided because, instead of the social justice or a ddressing inequality, they are more prone to breed social ills simply by promoting the rejection of individual responsibility. Obamacare is against the American individualism and liberal policies that has worked for the American experience and the country to its current economic status and to sacrifice it just to satisfy some presidential rhetoric is tantamount to eroding the American economic fabric and social fabrics. Constitutional Question The Obama administration, with all its policies that advances welfare and big government is ensuring an American transition towards socialism. This development cannot proceed without sacrificing certain of civil liberties. This is already being demonstrated in the nationalized health care. The legislature has taken upon itself sweeping powers in order to curtail certain constitutional rights in order to pass the Obamacare legislation. With the law, the federal government is, in effect, forcing Americans to qualify under health coverage require ments, threatening them with punishments in the process. For many legal experts, this is unconstitutional. The state of Virginia, for instance, has already filed a lawsuit against the healthcare law, arguing that there is a legal precedence outlawing such an act. Particularly, it stated: Regulation of non-economic activity under the Commerce Clause is possible only through the Necessary and Proper Clause... The Necessary and Proper Clause confers supplemental authority only when the means adopted to accomplish an enumerated power are 'appropriate', are 'plainly adapted to that end', and are 'consistent with the letter and spirit of the constitution.' Requiring citizen-to-citizen subsidy or redistribution is contrary to the foundational assumptions of the constitutional compact (5-6). The above ruling explicitly cites how the nationalized health care is unconstitutional by virtue of its mandatory redistribution of service and wealth with the subsidy to the entire

Children with HIV in the U.S Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Children with HIV in the U.S - Research Proposal Example ed States got the virus through mother to child transmission; through labor, pregnancy, through breastfeeding or during delivery - as opposed to other modes of transmission. The information in this undated source is published by Avert.Org. The source provides general overview of the state of the United States in terms of the number of people, by categories, affected by HIV and AIDS. The statistics in this source are those provided by CDC among other reputable organizations, the data being of more recent years. The source also provides statistics of deaths that have resulted from HIV and AIDS with focus being on the US. This fact sheet, authored by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2006, provides statistics of HIV/AIDS infections although it mainly contains information related to HIV/AIDS infection among women in the United States. This book, published in 1998, gives a detailed discussion of HIV and AIDS. The book provides up-to-date information regarding HIV including its history, mode of transmission, symptoms and the various means that have been applied to control the virus and prevent its attack. To acquire reliable data, an interview with a medical practitioner from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is proposed. CDC, as an institution has the most current data that relates to HIV in the USA as a whole. Such an interview is expected to give insights into the current infection levels among children of various ages, and in different

Normalcy to the New Deal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Normalcy to the New Deal - Essay Example With this backdrop, the 1920s election was conducted commencing the resurgence of Republicans with the selection of Warren G. Harding as the new president together with Calvin Coolidge as vice president. Warren G. Harding is often quoted for his flea for normalcy: "America's present need is not heroics but healing; not nostrums but normalcy; not revolution but restoration...not surgery but serenity." Normalcy is known as the new president's thrust for the restoration of "good old days" before the World War I and its resolution to focus on internal affair. Thus, the Harding administration maintained its opposition on the League of Nations. Among his notable contributions is the promotion of conservative opinions marked by appointment of Taft to Supreme Court. Andrew Mellon, one of the senators supported lower taxes and lower government spending. A tax cuts for wealthy households was also implemented. Though these measures were indicative of tight fiscal policies, the Republicans also highlighted the existence of a balanced budget. The Republican's conservatism was reflected on the high tariffs levied on imported products. The difficulty of recovery during the period after the Great W ar is often attributed to this domestic industry protectivism. The Harding administration became involved with the Tea Dome scandal. ... He strongly advocated "letting the business cycle run their course." Coolidge approved the proposed McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill which was designed to allow the government to purchase agricultural surpluses. During his reign as the president, the country "experienced a wildly successful period of economic growth: the so-called 'Roaring Twenties'" (Calvin Coolidge). The president also mad a significant effort in lowering taxes and national debt. One of the most important contributions of Coolidge is the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 which committed signatories including the U.S., the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan to "renounce war as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another" (Calvin Coolidge). It should also be noted that the commencement of the Great Depression happen during the Coolidge administration. This crisis is attributed to rise of consumer culture, automobile craze, slump in farm prices, McNary-Haughen Tariff Bill, and welfare c apitalism. Another Republican was elected in 1928 to replace Coolidge. The presidency of Hoover brought a negative imprint in the economy as he reigned during the onset of Great Depression. During this crisis, the stock market collapsed together with the whole financial system. Making matters worse, these tragedies were pointed out to structural flaws and corruption in the government. Hoover received criticism from Democrats who labeled him as "do-nothing" president due to his laissez faire policies. Free market advocates, on the other hand, criticized him for market interventions. After the collapse of the stock market, the president made enormous efforts to boost the economy through various reforms. In order to

How Computer Revolution Affected The Corporate World Information Technology Essay

How Computer Revolution Affected The Corporate World Information Technology Essay The rapid growth of technology has affected the world and since the revolution of computer it has bought changes to the corporate world as it has made it more convenient and easy for the employees to work on and made them more dependent on the computers because due to the rapid growth more and more organizations are adapting the technology, This paper investigate the for and against the use of computers in corporate world. The main reason of this paper is that it will include how it affects the organizations and the employees and also about its advantages and disadvantages and analysis the reasons how it has become so popular and a need in life of the corporate world, stating how it affect the companies and how helpful it is to the business world and aware the end-users about the cons and pros of it even the privacy issues of the company and they could convert their paper records to digital records which is much more convenient and easy to use for the employees to enter the data and search for it with the keyword, whether is it safe for the organizations and also the up gradation of the computers and how the history of computers. The conclusions would be how it has affected the organization and whether or not it is safe and useful for the companies to adapt it and also the paper will also suggest the issues the company will face and solutions for it. This paper will focus the use of new technologies and the impact of it in the workplace. Specifically, I would be focusing on information technology, its implementation, its drawbacks, and its future. Introduction: Since the computers are the most effective and easy way for people to work it is getting used everywhere homes, organizations, hospitals, businesses, etc. Day by day the computer technology is increasing and getting improved on how to make it more easy and convenient for the people to work on it and get the most out its advantage. Also the rapid technological growth around the globe is increasing and computers are becoming a necessity for everyone, even the business organization need to keep up with the generation and the technology, and they need to adapt the use of it, and how it helps the organization in their daily work and their employees, what are the advantages and disadvantages of it, how it affect the working manner of the company, also how technology affect the corporate world and the business world, since the nanotechnology is taking over. The Corporate world is big and they need to keep records of their clients or their bills which is not easy keeping it as manually also it is very time consuming, which is why computer helps them because computers are much faster and efficient. The People have become more dependent on the technology and the now working without a computer or doing the work is with a pen or paper is called Old fashion way , that how it is described nowadays, the computers has made the people lazy, and how the computers has affected the companies relation with their international firms and their clients all around the world and providing them with their services. Computers plays an important role in our daily lives which help us to do our work more effectively and less time and in corporate world it plays an important role because due to the technology Ethics plays an important role in it too because the company should be able to convince their new clients about how their business is going and what are their policy of work. 1. Presentation of the issue 1.1 How computers affected the world. The computer has changed the world in many different ways and in all areas for example E-mail instead of post offices, it has helped the corporates in many different ways, in education all the work can be done on it, etc. there are so many places the computer has affected the world and the people the computer has advantages and disadvantages, the computer is now being used all around the world and it is getting wider and wider due to new technology growth now you can also order your food online for example in India you can order Mc Donalds and Dominos. The computer is now a necessity in the world due to technological development nowadays the computers have been so much advanced that now in some places they are being replaced with robots. Every week there is a new invention in the computer world because people are coming up with their innovations and their ideas, the people around the world can communicate with their friends and family, etc. 1.2 How computer has affect the workplace. The computer has made the peoples work more easily and time saving the computer has affected the workplace in many difference places like call reception nowadays nearly every business has a computerized phone- system for answering incoming calls. Emails have been so popular since it has been introduced in the past decade and in some organization, its the verified as method of communication. Archiving is an important part in a organization because it is the filing and recording of documents that can now be used with computers and scanners. Instead of writing it on a paper or punching and stapling it then filing it in a cabinet in row-upon-row of space-hogging instead of all that effort it can now be recorded with the help of scanner and saved into a central computer or server for future reference. The computer has affected the businesses and firms now they can save time and money due to computers as they can make video conferencing so that they dont have to travel and waste time for i t. The I.T background of the Issue. First Computer ever made The computer was first created by IBM in 1946 which was named Mark 1 which was used to perform artillery firing calculations then The first personal computer was the Altair 8800, which briefly appeared on the scene in 1975. Two years later, the Apple II  was introduced this machine made it a revolution to the world but later on   In 1981, IBM introduced their PC, keeping in mind of their previously focused, their efforts on manufacturing mainframe business computers. Incorporating the Intel microprocessor, the IBM PC set their standard of quality of the computer world which was then used in top organizations as in that period of time computers where expensive and some of the organizations couldnt afford a computer. The computer revolution affected the corporate world in da 19th century as it was affordable for the people and it was easy and user friendly it was more convenient to with the company so that they could make records and make the use of it by the 20th century the use of computer has rapid growth in it and it has become less expensive and almost most of the organizations can afford it now and can use it, it is more easy to work it and people have become more dependent on it as it is lot more convenient for the employees to work and it also time saving the organizations can save money with it and can make more profit as they can held video conferences from their firms and working place instead of travelling and also can be in touch with the other organizations through e-mail instead of post offices which takes a lot of time the advantage of an email is that you can receive it anywhere and can read it anywhere even if youre not home, this is how the computer revolution affected the corp orate world 2.2 Business in Technology 1To make the decision to pursue a virtual world  solution creates some challenges related to management, instructional designers, IT staff, and the developers of virtual worlds themselves. 2The benefits of virtual worlds are well documented in articles in trade magazines, blogs, and vendor sites. The purpose is not to duplicate the documentation. Instead, of presenting a number of management considerations that bear on the business value and potential return on enterprise adoption of virtual worlds as a venue for learning. Every new technical medium runs into common obstacles as well as unique barriers to its adoption. But attitudes change when it is proved that the value or competitive advantage is achieved. The value of virtual-world technology will evolve as business models continue to become more intensely collaborative internally, externally, and globally 3. The impact of the Issue. 3.1 Introduction of the issue 3Since the new technology has been in demand and injected in workplaces at an exponentially increasing rate over the last few decades. Most of the Organizations think that new technology is the mean to increase the organizations/firms profit margins and to stay competitive in the rapidly evolving marketplace, and new technologies have become available to facilitate to use and dissemination. This has been led to an ever expanding and evolving field of IT developments in Information technology has evolved to an increasingly mobile workforce were theres no longer deskwork in order to stay in the information loop. We can take our office with us wherever we go. Cellular phones allow us to be to be in touch/contact with the company or workplace or anywhere. Blackberries and Ultra-mobile PCs permit has advanced in technology that it can let us access e-mail and other data products at a wide range of locations. The innovation of new technologies has given businesses to access and have faster communication; it has also increased efficiencies, and the freedom and ability to work away from the office. Rapid increasing in technology has opened doors of opportunities for organizations/firms and employees willing to explore non-traditional work arrangements. Due to modern working system depends a lot upon computers and modern technology in all sorts of areas as everyone throughout the world has come to know. It was not long ago that people were Complaining about computers or machines taking over the workforce over from humans and performing not only the jobs but even better quality.  [4]  The growths of new technologies are being used in businesses and it is showing no sign of decreasing and slowing down. Some examples of technology currently in development for commercial use are wearable computing, cities and region-wide Wi-Fi(wireless internet), and nanotechnology. Microsoft and IBM are working on a collaboration technology that will allow virtual meetings where employees will be able to teleconference on their computer screens, while creating or changing documents and product designs using a virtual whiteboard. These technologies and many other more, including all the new technology to come advances, and it will continue to contribute to an increasingly more effective and easier mobile workforce. 3.2 Advantages and disadvantages of technology in businesses. 5Technology is an integral part of all businesses today. In fact, it would be difficult to imagine a business with no technological connections. Here are some of the ways that technology impacts communication in business   Ã‚  [6]  Phone systems and email are integral and important for communication with clients, customers, and even fellow employees. Remember before when, you had to get up and walk across the hall to tell a co-worker something? Today, everyone in business has a computer and you email the person across the hall. I think the positive impact on business is that this is much quicker form of communication. After all, if you see the person face-to-face you just might talk about something rather talking about business in the email.   On the negative side, the impact of substituting technological communication for in-person communication does make us less interactive and social and tend to isolate us and it has made us busy and lazy. 7The Internet is no doubt an  effective and less time consuming technological development for business communication. Marketing efforts in particular that has been affected by the advances of the internet. Businesses are communicating more effectively with a wider audience, thus increasing their chances to reach customers beyond their local paper and to make their brand known to a bigger audience and also the most popular Google it is one of the top most search engine you get everything on it for example if a firm wants details on their competitors they will get all the required information it. 8Technology has changed the dynamics of how the business is conducted and has also affected the ways people communicate with one another. This is especially true since the Internet has been integrated into the workplace. 9The ability to link information systems has moved the business environment to the global environment. This capability is very powerful and most businesses have figured out how to harness this power and use it to gain a competitive advantage. As a result some issues have arisen that businesses must pay close attention to. The integration of technology into business has impacted areas such as diversity, ethics and organizational structure. Here are some ways these three areas have been affected by technology: 10*Diversity Technology that has developed such as e-mail, instant messaging, and online conferencing have increased in use and this affects the way people interact with one another. Todays professionals often communicate globally and far outside their local borders; this is all possible thanks to technology. The global atmosphere is now presented with new business opportunities, such as outsourcing, making international business deals, exposing themselves to a larger customer base and employees do not even necessarily need to live in the same country as their bosses! 11Ethics Ethics is another primary area that has been impacted by technology. As more and more technology is assimilated into workplaces, new ethical challenges have emerged that both employers and employees must face. Business processes are primarily connected to information systems and various other forms of technology, and people using automation must act responsibly with the data they transmit as part of their daily tasks. 3.2.2 Summary of the problem 12Businesses are increasingly inventing and implementing new ways to use technology to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their communication. The caution for this topic is that businesses need to  [13]  be sure to analyze the time saved with the implementation of each new technology and the customers, clients reached in order to ensure that the technology is truly beneficial to the business. If there is a power failure or the server is down or any problem the employees wont be able to work because they are dependent on the technology and computers they cant work without it. 4. Solutions to the problem arising from the issue. 4.1 The solution for the problem. The problems which are arising due to the issues concerning is that the company should monitor the employees and to check the server log regularly, the technology has both sides good side and a bad side the good thing about is that the business and work is done more quicker with the help of the computer the solution, surveillance should be there on the employees to see what there working on. The company should have code of conduct in the firm/organization. There should be Training for the employees in which they can learn and benefit the company, they should have a policy that there should also work manually without the use of technology. 4.2 Opinion from the public and organizations. Publics Opinion: The banks should do some of the work manually which can be done without the using of technology, because some of the important work gets hold and the organizations give the excuse that the server is down or the server is not working. One the banks started a new service to help the environment and to save paper by sending as E-statement instead of paper statement which we receive every month through postal. Organizations opinion: Technology has helped us in so many different areas like communication between other firms and organization local and globally, instead of visiting them and waste time and money in travelling one place to another and we have our 24/7 online internet service which is for the public to access and for customer care help. Were facing more competition since there is Tele-marketing and e-commerce since it is more easy and convenient but there are more chances to be successful in it, if you know what the requirements and how to set up youre work. 5. Conclusion and unanswered questions arising from this investigation 5.1 Conclusion After doing the research and meeting up with the organization heads the conclusion is that the use of computers has affected the corporate world and also they are issues to but everything cannot be perfect, the majority is that it has made the corporate world more conveniently easy and efficient for the employees and customers so that they dont need to make too much effort and they can do most of their from there homes. In the corporate world there is a lot of data recording work so the computers help them update it and it is easier to find a customers record and save time instead of writing it manually and filing it. The companies also use computers for video conferencing with different firms or their other branches or headquarter in other countries; they say it saves money and travelling time, so the process of the work can be fast and satisfy their customers, computers has made over work more convenient and easy. As I said before that everything is not perfect there are also complaints that if the server is down or if theres a power failure etc. then the company functioning gets upset or the employees wont be able to do their work, so the company should have to train the employees to work without computer or have a backup if any of this issues happens. Computers play important role in the corporate world in their daily work and computers are important in every organization. 5.2 unanswered questions arising from this investigation Since the use of computer is a necessity, usually people are confused that are computer useful or does it affects the company in a good way, or a bad way, for example the company has to spend money in order to buy computers so it should affect the companies working manner one more expense the company faces is the surveillance of the employees which the company should hire trust worthy and hardworking employees. The corporate world using computers is very effective way and really easy which will help them to achieve more and will help them in keeping records and to satisfy their clients which the way they will provide these services and help and get to know their needs and want by staying in touch with them through emails which will benefit them in different ways. The Public also should understand that the bank sometimes dont make fake excuses which is bound to be true, rarely the server gets down due to some technical issues, maybe the bank should also make them understand that, maybe sometimes some employees do say just because they dont want to work or their tired, but this usually doesnt happen all the time. Then there is is the Computer safe for personal financial records in my opinion it is unless it has a secure connection and also it should have a strong firewall or the bit of the encrypted data. It also answers the ethical issues of related to the problem is that the company should be able to convince their clients and there policy should be transparent that when the clients join the company they should be convinced There is no doubt that the computer has been a necessity but it should be used with ethics which will benefit the employee and the business which will not create issues, the reason computers has affected the corporate world is that it has made the business and the organization to work more effectively and less time consuming and more user friendly which will help the employees work more easy and more qualitative work which will benefit the business and help them to motivate and it is also to help to maintain the companies billing and clients records, which is easier and also the company should have a back of it and it should be confidential. This area of subject is wide and there are so many way in which the computer has affected the corporate world which has benefited the corporates. Computer has helped in communication part too like emails, tele-conferencing, etc. 6. Bibliography 6.1 Books Gift of Fire 6.2 Articles IT/Computers in Business/Employment. 6.3 Online Resources Bibliography [Online]  // Learning Solutions mag.   http://www.learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/11/virtual-worlds-barriers-to-their-business-value-and-operability. Belcher Lou How technology impacts communication in businesses [Online]  // Helium.   http://www.helium.com/items/1678110-how-technology-impacts-communication-in-business. computer revolution [Online]  // http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer. Goessl Leigh How technology has affected businesses [Online]  // Helium.   8 Sunday, 2010.   http://www.helium.com/items/1696597-how-technology-has-affected-businesses. Leveckisr Algis Virtual Worlds Barriers to their business value and operability [Online]  // Learning solutions mag .   Septembe 14, 2009.   http://www.learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/11/virtual-worlds-barriers-to-their-business-value-and-operability. Sullivan Mark G. Technology in communication [Online]  // Helium.   May 7, 2009.   . Todd Jason What is the impact of new technology [Online]  // helium.   4 5, 2009.   .